Human Rights Law: What the NY Real Estate Exam Tests

The NY Human Rights Law provides broader protections than federal fair housing law. The exam tests the differences between state and federal protections.

Expect 2-4 questions. The state-specific protections beyond federal law are the most tested area.

NY Human Rights Law vs. Federal Fair Housing

NY's Human Rights Law covers all the federal protected classes plus: age, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military status, source of income, and lawful occupation. NY law also has fewer exemptions than federal law.

Enforcement

Complaints are filed with the NY Division of Human Rights within one year of the alleged violation. The Division investigates, holds hearings, and can award damages. Complainants can also file directly in state court.

Source of Income Protections

In NY, landlords cannot refuse to rent to tenants based on their source of income, including Section 8 vouchers, social security, or other government assistance. This is a state-specific protection the exam frequently tests.

Local Human Rights Laws

New York City has its own Human Rights Law, which is even broader than state law and covers additional classes such as immigration status, partnership status, and lawful occupation. NYC law is enforced by the NYC Commission on Human Rights.

Sample Exam Questions

NY Protected Classes

1. Which of the following is a protected class under NY Human Rights Law but NOT under the federal Fair Housing Act?

ARace
BDisability
CFamilial status
Sexual orientation

NY Human Rights Law protects sexual orientation, gender identity, age, marital status, and source of income, none of which are in the federal Fair Housing Act's seven protected classes.

Source of Income

2. A landlord in New York refuses to rent to an applicant because they receive a Section 8 housing voucher. This is:

ALegal, federal law doesn't require landlords to accept Section 8
BLegal, landlords may choose their tenants for any non-discriminatory reason
Illegal under NY State law, which protects lawful source of income
DIllegal only in New York City, not statewide

NY State law prohibits discrimination based on lawful source of income, including housing vouchers. This is a state-level protection broader than federal law.

Sexual Harassment

3. A landlord conditions a lease renewal on the tenant providing sexual favors. This constitutes:

AA civil matter only if the tenant agrees
BOnly a housing code violation requiring a written complaint
Quid pro quo sexual harassment, a serious fair housing violation
DIllegal only if the tenant files a formal complaint with the DOS

Conditioning housing on sexual favors is quid pro quo sexual harassment, a sex discrimination violation under both federal and NY fair housing law, and potentially a criminal act.

See all human rights law practice questions →

Study Human Rights Law in depth

Unlock the full study module with explanations, flashcards, and Carl, your AI tutor who can answer any question about this topic.

Start studying free →

No credit card required