Real Estate Finance

Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)

The ratio of a loan amount to the appraised value (or sale price, whichever is lower) of the financed property.


Definition

LTV is calculated as Loan Amount ÷ Property Value, expressed as a percentage. It measures lender risk: higher LTV means less borrower equity and more lender exposure. Conventional loans typically require PMI when LTV exceeds 80%. FHA loans permit LTV up to 96.5%. VA loans permit 100% LTV for eligible veterans. Lenders use the LOWER of appraised value or sale price as the denominator to prevent inflated valuations from skewing the ratio.

Exam Tip

LTV = Loan ÷ Value. Quick shortcut: 100% − Down Payment % = LTV. > 80% LTV typically requires PMI on conventional loans.

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